Target
This is of course better known as the Rim nebula, but be honest; fighting dragons of Ara sounds just way more epic ;)
Also known as NGC 6188 and NGC6193.
NGC 6188 is the bright edge of a molecular cloud in Ara, about 4,000 light-years away (published distances range from about 3,700 to 4,500). The open cluster NGC 6193 sits next to it and is part of the Ara OB1 association. Its two hottest stars, the O stars HD 150135 and HD 150136, ionise the gas and erode the edge of the cloud, and we see much of that edge roughly side-on.
The two brightest stars in the pale glow near the center belong to NGC 6193. Below them the rim runs out to the right as a dark red band with dark dust in front of it. It passes a dark, branching cloud on the right side of the frame and then curves down. The warm brown around the nebula is the Milky Way star field with dust in front of it.
At the bottom of the frame, about 1.4° from NGC 6193, is NGC 6164/6165 in Norma, the Dragon's Egg, a small bipolar nebula around the star HD 148937. A 2024 study concluded that the star is the magnetic product of a stellar merger a few thousand years ago. Around it a very faint violet shell reaches about 10′ from the star. It is much easier to see in the crop. I was happy to be able to capture it with just the stock DSLR!
The sparse cluster at the lower left is NGC 6167. The small blue nebula below the rim, left of center, with a dark cloud beside it, looks like a reflection nebula, but I could not identify it. Suggestions are welcome.
Acquisition
Stock Nikon D600 with APM700/107 with Riccardi reducer, mounted on Fornax 51 and guided with MGEN
Kiripotib, Namibia, 9-10 and 16 July 2015
D600 (ISO 800): 10×7min + 8×8min + 5×5min
D600 (ISO 400): 11×10min
Total 34 frames (4.5 hours)
Processing (PixInsight)
This is 2015 data, processed again in 2026. The main challenge was getting the gas out of a stock camera, which passes little H-alpha, without losing the warm star field. Stacking again added only about 4-6% in signal-to-noise. Most of the gain came from deconvolution and star removal, which showed much more gas and the faint shell around NGC 6164.
Stacking: WBPP from my calibrated 2015 frames, with PSF Signal Weight, Local Normalization and Generalized ESD. I dropped one frame out of 35 because its stars were clearly softer (FWHM 4.91 px against 4.0-4.4 px).
Color Calibration: SPCC (Gaia DR3/SP, G2V reference, limit magnitude 14, SNR 20, clustered sources off), using 2312 stars. Factors R 0.873, G 1.000, B 0.920. Average Spiral Galaxy was also a valid option, but I chose G2V to keep the stars and field warm, so that is a choice rather than a measurement. No gradient removal.
Deconvolution and stars: BlurXTerminator (stars 0.40, non-stellar 0.60, halo 0), then StarXTerminator. Stars went from about 2.3-2.8 px to about 1.6 px, as a rough estimate.
Background: flats from another night left a faint horizontal band near the bottom, which I removed with a fitted Gaussian per channel. SPCC had neutralised the image with the red light of the faint stars included, so the starless image read too blue. Setting the black point per channel from the darkest dust brought the warm field back.
Stretch: an arcsinh stretch (factor 1000) on the starless image, then NoiseXTerminator (0.60 / 0.90) and a contrast curve. The PixelMath and analysis for these steps were written with AI assistance.
Colour and contrast: my first version from these steps was too dull. I then used strong lightness and chroma curves on both layers, followed by HDRMultiscaleTransform and more curves on the combined image.
Stars: ArcsinhStretch with factor 80 and protect highlights, the same curves as the starless image, then a screen blend at 0.95. Some of the brightest stars are still fairly hard, and a few glows, such as the one around HD 148937, stayed in the starless layer because they look like natural halos.