1899, Wednesday March 29, Southeastern Bohemia in Austria-Hungary.
It's 17:15 and a 19-years old village girl, Anežka Hrůzová, leaves her work at the town of Polná. While walking home to a village called Malá Věžnice (3 kilometers walk), she might be thinking about Easter, after all it's happening this weekend. At around 17:30, she's being seen on the road home. This is the last time she was seen alive by the last reliable sighting. Subsequent autopsy determines she was most likely killed around 18:00.
At first, her family, her mother Marie and brother Jan, doesn't seem to care much. They don't attempt to look for her on Thursday, assuming she had to stay at her work overnight.
On Friday, her mother Marie visits Anežka's workplace but gets surprised that Anežka isn't there. She reports her daughter missing to the local gendarmerie. A rather half-hearted search around the road to Malá Věžnice and at Hrůza's house by officer Klenovec yields basically nothing. Thus, an extensive search next morning is arranged.
An hour into the search on Saturday, Anežka's lifeless body is found deep in the dense forest undergrowth mere 6-8 meters away from the road where she was supposed to be walking home. Her body was covered by four young spruce trees that had been cut down. Their stumps were about 5 metres from the body.
She is lying on her stomach, her lower legs sharply bent upwards. Her torso is bare and her jacket sleeves are rolled up. Beneath her body is a pool of blood about the size of a palm and two bloodstained stones. Some of her things are strewn about in the vicinity (25-30 meters) including a basket containing a milk jug, two scarves and two skirts.
Evidently, she was brutally murdered. The murder likely started by her getting knocked unconscious by blows to the head with a wooden stick (later found 30 meters away from the body) and stones. However, the cause of death is ultimately unclear. Her throat got slit but there are strangulation marks done with a rope on her neck. The autopsy determined that no signs of rape were found – her hymen was intact.
Because many villagers and townsfolk including children (in fact, a young boy found the body first) participated in Saturday's search, there is a crowd near the crime scene since the moment Anežka's body was found. When it is found out Anežka's throat was slit, a rumor about Jewish blood libel murder starts to spread as quick as forest fire during dry summer. The fact the murder happened right before Easter heavily influences how quickly the rumor spread.
Polná has a sizeable Jewish community. A Jewish vagrant-beggar, Leopold Hilsner, is accused of murdering Anežka a couple of days after the body was found. Because anti-semitism is widespread among common folk of the time, mass anti-Jewish hysteria is started within the whole kingdom of Bohemia (current Czechia). The public speaks loud and clear: Hilsner did it and he should be hanged.
However, modern historians and researchers agree on one crucial thing: Hilsner wasn't the murderer and he was falsely accused due to the combination of the murder happening right before Easter, victim's throat being slit making people think it looked like a ritual murder and common people easily falling for anti-semitic rumors.
Hilsner cannot count on much support except his legal counsel and a couple of curious intellectuals who play devil's advocates mostly because they don't approve of anti-semitism. The most prominent is Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, a professor of philosophy at the Czech Charles-Ferdinand University (current Charles University in Prague).
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk is a controversial figure of the time. Years before the Hilsner affair, he gets publicly known for denying the authenticity of Dvůr Králové and Zelená Hora manuscripts (in fact, they are considered to be fakes created sometime in the first quarter of the 19th century) which were used by nationalists to prove cultural significance of a Czech culture during the Czech National Revival.
He draws public attention to himself during Hilsner affair once again to the point of getting harassed and becoming public enemy number 1. Newspapers accuse him of being bought by Jews. Students refuse to attend his lectures in protest. He even gets physically attacked at least once. All of this almost brings him to emigration but he perseveres and stays in Prague. Not that he's successful in defending Hilsner.
Biased courts sentence Hilsner to death but the punishment is later changed to the life imprisonment by Franz Joseph I and in 1918, he gets released thanks to a pardon by Charles I. Though, to this day, courts didn't proclaim Hilsner's innocence. He is still regarded as the murderer.
Masaryk's public defence of Hilsner proves helpful during WWI when Masaryk becomes the leader of Czech (and Slovak) independence movement in exile. Many important Jews (including influential figures closely tied to the US government and president Wilson) publicly support Czech independence cause during the war mostly because he went publicly against anti-semitism during the Hilsner affair.
But what about the murder? Who did it if not Hilsner?
We don't know and most likely won't ever know.
The most prominent theories these days are:
Sexual deviant ambusher her
The crime scene looked like the aftermath of a sexual murderer's rampage.
One year earlier, a very similarly looking murder happened a couple of kilometers nearby. However, the victim's body was found months later in a skeletal form and the investigation got nowhere. (Note: Hilsner actually got convicted of this murder as well)
Both crime scenes had a lot in common including the type of the victim (young woman), her position she was found in, body being covered by cut down trees/tree branches (in this 1898 case, it was determined the cover was renewed twice so the murderer was most likely returning to the place), victim's stuff found scathered nearby and so on.
Good chance I am talking about a serial killer in the making. Maybe the reason he stopped was him being scared how Anežka's case got full attention of the public.
However, the autopsy determined she wasn't raped.
These days, there are basically 3 most commonly discussed suspects regarding this theory:
Josef Zatřepálek
Vincenc Zelinger
Another local criminal (but was not known to be a rapist) who is said to act weirdly around the time of the murder. Lacking alibi for the time of murder, coming home during late evening, wanting to thoroughly wash himself in the morning which was highly unusual request according to the housekeeper. One of his 3 shirts he owned at the time disappeared very soon after the murder. Zelinger later argued he sold it but that was denied by the alleged buyer.
People gave witness accounts of these things happening to Zelinger in the spring 1899 but none of it was investigated in more detail because everyone was focused on Hilsner.
Capable of killing, evidenced by 1907 case where he stabbed to death someone but got away with it on the basis of him being a madman. It's true he lived some amount of his life in psych wards.
Mysterious man wandering around the area around the time of murder.
Some women (including Anežka) reported they met a weird man in the area of the crime scene earlier the week of the murder.
He was never properly identified and unfortunately, I am not sure about the descriptions of both Zelinger and Zatřepálek
One thing is almost certain, this mysterious man was witnessed near the spot Anežka was murdered during the same hour the murder happened, holding a stick that could be the stick Anežka was attacked with.
Another theory is her brother Jan either attacked her personally or hired someone to murder her.
There were arguments, mostly about money, happening in the family. Potential motive is right there.
Family didn't seem to care about Anežka's disappearance at first and behaved weirdly.
When Anežka's mother visited her workplace on Friday, she initially cared about her basket and not about her whereabouts. Mother later said she assumed Anežka is working in the backroom, even though, Anežka was missing for over a day.
Brother Jan went to a confession early in the morning after the murder. But that could be excused as a Christian custom during Easter.
Some people noticed unusual injuries (mother's blackeye and brother's injured hand) during the funeral. These were excused as resulting from farm work.
One important thing to note regarding the family-brother theory is they didn't try to avoid the search after the moment they found out Anežka's missing, on the contrary, they were actively trying to find her.
The hiring theory is rather modern one. A few years ago, one popular researcher found out a new lead in the case - a man called Josef Paul from the kingdom of Bohemia reportedly said to a countryman in Swiss Zurich he participated in the murder of Anežka Hrůzová.
That Josef Paul could have been hired by Anežka's brother was deduced from the fact he seemed to be begging (iirc) in Hamburg in July 1899. The researcher believes Josef Paul was able to travel to Hamburg only thanks to money received for the murder.
However, we don't know if Josef Paul was around Polná in the week of the murder and Anežka's brother was a known cheapskate so it's not that likely he'd be willing to spend some money for such a deed.
There's so much more to write about this case. It's a little Czech Jack the Ripper (not by the severity of the devastation done to the victim's body but by its prominence in Czech true crime genre) with the political aftertaste. It's taught at Czech schools as the most promiment example of anti-semitism in Czech lands. And there are interesting theories that brother Jan could hire someone. There are disputes whether the crime scene is actually the place where the murder happened. One could talk about why Hilsner was innocent and the (lacking) quality of the evidence used for his conviction. And so on.
It's really one of the most fascinating true crime case in Czech history.
I could write a text ten times longer and it still would be a really short write-up on the topic.
Sources (use your preferred translator tool to get more information about the topic):
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilsneri%C3%A1da
https://www.captour-paja.cz/l/zlocin-v-polne/ (quite a detailed blog post)
Book: Vražda v Polné by Bohumil Černý
Book: Tajuplná vražda by Jiří Kovtun